Odpowiedź:
ZDOLNOŚĆ / MOŻLIWOŚĆ
can, could (przeszłość), be able to
I can drive a car.
He could swim when he was 5.
She was able to cook.
SUGESTIE / OFERTY
shall, can / could
Shall we have a pizza tonight?
Can I help you?
PROŚBA
can/could, may/might, will/would
Could you open the window, please?
May I leave earlier today?
Will you put away the groceries?
KONIECZNOŚĆ
must, have to/had to, need to, ought to
You must do it today.
I didn’t have to go to work.
I need to make a copy of your ID.
He ought to stop smoking.
ZAKAZ
can’t mustn’t (silniejsze)
You can’t leave your car here.
You mustn’t touch the socket!
KRYTYKA
could, should, ought to
She could have helped us. (przeszłość)
They should give us more support.
They really ought to use less plastic in their products.
PORADY
should, had better
You should listen to your parents.
You’d better have that car checked as soon as possible.
PRZYPUSZCZENIA / DEDUKCJA
must, can’t
They are holding hands, so she must be her mother.
She’s too old. She can’t be her mother.
PRAWDOPODOBIEŃSTWO
may / might / could
It may/might/could rain tonight.
POZWOLENIA
can/can’t, could/couldn’t, may/might
You can smoke in here if you want.
Could I open the window?
You may leave earlier today.
PRZYPUSZCZENIA / DEDUKCJA
must, can’t
They are holding hands, so she must be her mother.
She’s too old. She can’t be her mother.
Jakie są formy czasu przeszłego czasowników modalnych?
Czasowniki modalne mogą być używane w odniesieniu do przeszłości. Wtedy czasownik stojący po czasowniku modalnym występuje w formie Perfect Infinitive (have + 3. forma czasownika).
czasownik modalny + have + 3. forma czasownika
SHOULD + have + 3. forma czasownika
ktoś coś powinien był zrobić
It's raining cats and dogs. I should have taken an umbrella!
Jane had an accident?! You should have told me!
MAY / MIGHT + have + 3. forma czasownika
przypuszczenia / prawdopodobieństwo
– Why isn’t Jane here?
– She might/may have got lost.
CAN'T + have + 3. forma czasownika
coś nie mogło mieć miejsca, coś jest niezgodne z faktami
You can't have seen Jim. He is on holiday!
Jane can't have taken your book because she wasn't at school that day!
MUST + have + 3. forma czasownika
uważamy, że coś na pewno się wydarzyło, miało miejsce
– Where's Jane? She was supposed to be here by 4 pm!
– She must have forgotten about our meeting.
– I don't have my wallet!
– You must have left it on the bus!
NEEDN'T + have + 3. forma czasownika
coś niepotrzebnie zostało zrobione
Our fridge is full. You needn't have bought so much food!
Wyjaśnienie: